SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Azawad</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Azawad</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the geographical region spanning several Sahelian countries, see <a href="Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a>.</div>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Azawad</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Tamashek-language text"><span lang="tmh">ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⴷ / Azawad</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="Tamashek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamashek language">Tamashek</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة أزواد</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">2012–2013</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;">

</div>

<div><a href="Flag_of_Azawad" title="Flag of Azawad">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA, in green, with southern Mali in dark grey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">Unrecognized state</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(proclaimed)</span><br><a href="Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(provisional)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> <b>·</b> <a href="Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <b>·</b> <a href="Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <b>·</b> <a href="Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tamasheq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2012 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2012 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mahamadou_Djeri_Ma%C3%AFga" title="Mahamadou Djeri Maïga">Mahamadou Djeri Maïga</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Northern_Mali_conflict_(2012%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)">Northern Mali conflict</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="Azawad_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Azawad Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 2012</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="Battles_of_Gao_and_Timbuktu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Gao and Timbuktu">Battles of Gao and Timbuktu</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26–28 June 2013</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">

<td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td>

<td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p><b>Azawad</b>, or <b>Azawagh</b> (<a href="Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a>: <b>Azawaɣ</b>, or <b>Azawad</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أزواد</span>), was a short-lived <a href="Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised state</a> lasting between 2012 and 2013. Azawagh (<i>Azawaɣ</i>) is the generic <a href="Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg Berber</a> name for all Tuareg Berber areas, especially the northern half of <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and northern and western <a href="Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. The <a href="Azawadi_declaration_of_independence" title="Azawadi declaration of independence">Azawadi declaration of independence</a> was declared unilaterally by the <a href="National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MNLA) in 2012, after <a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">a Tuareg rebellion</a> drove the <a href="Malian_Armed_Forces" title="Malian Armed Forces">Malian Armed Forces</a> from the region.

</p><p>Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA, comprised the <a href="Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Malian regions</a> of <a href="Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Timbuktu</a> (including present-day <a href="Taoud%C3%A9nit_Region" title="Taoudénit Region">Taoudénit Region</a>), <a href="Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal</a>, <a href="Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao</a>, as well as a part of <a href="Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti Region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encompassing about 60 percent of Mali's total land area. <a href="Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> is its largest city and served as the temporary capital,<sup id="cite_ref-gao_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> is the second-largest city, and was intended to be the capital by the independence forces.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 6 April 2012, in a statement posted to its website, the MNLA declared "irrevocably" the independence of Azawad from Mali. In Gao on the same day, <a href="Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a>, the secretary-general of the movement, signed the Azawadi declaration of independence, which also declared the MNLA as the interim administrators of Azawad until a "national authority" could be formed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proclamation was never recognised by any foreign entity,<sup id="cite_ref-udi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the MNLA's claim to have <i>de facto</i> control of the Azawad region was disputed by both the Malian government and Islamist insurgent groups in the <a href="Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. At this time, a rift was developing with the Islamists.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>, which refused to recognise Azawad and called the declaration of its independence "null and void", warned it could send troops into the disputed region in support of the Malian claim.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Tuareg military leader <a href="Moussa_Ag_Acharatoumane" title="Moussa Ag Acharatoumane">Moussa Ag Acharatoumane</a>, affiliated with the <a href="Movement_for_the_Salvation_of_Azawad" title="Movement for the Salvation of Azawad">Movement for the Salvation of Azawad</a>, claimed that jihadi groups, and the <a href="Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a> in particular, had been in the region of Azawad for 10 years before the circumstances which led to the Azawadi declaration of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locals had heard of their extremist views in respect to <a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> then subsequently distanced themselves from the jihadis. Ag Acharatoumane further asserted that the death of <a href="Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> destabilised the political landscape for <a href="Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelians</a> from Mali and Niger to such a degree that it was described as "disastrous." The Tuareg rebels allegedly went into a "survival mode" for five years after his death which were fraught with <a href="Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">socio-political</a> and <a href="Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> crises. Disorganised and unaware of moderate militias, some joined jihadi groups but left when acquainted with better options; they aimed to join movements that were "good" in nature and organised for humanitarian causes for the betterment of Azawad. When asked about the speculated alliance between the MNLA and the Ansar Dine, Ag Acharatoumane said he "personally did not know of the alliance" and referred back to the distance Azawadi locals kept from them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 14 February 2013, the MNLA renounced its claim of independence for Azawad and asked the Malian government to start negotiations on its future status.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNLA ended the ceasefire in September of the same year after government forces reportedly opened fire on unarmed protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>According to the Scottish explorer and scientist <a href="Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Caithness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Caithness)">Robert Brown</a>, Azawad is an Arabic <a href="Corruption_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption (linguistics)">corruption</a> of the <a href="Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> word <i><a href="Azawagh" title="Azawagh">Azawagh</a></i>, referring to a dry river basin that covers western Niger, northeastern Mali, and southern Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name translates to "land of <a href="Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 6 April 2012, in a statement posted to its website, the MNLA declared the independence of Azawad from Mali. In this Azawad Declaration of Independence, the name <i>Independent State of Azawad</i> was used<sup id="cite_ref-DOI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (French: <i lang="fr">État indépendant de l'Azawad</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DOI_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دولة أزواد المستقلة</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dawlat Azawād al-Mustaqillah</i></span></i>). On 26 May, the MNLA and its former co-belligerent Ansar Dine announced a pact in which they would merge to form an Islamist state; according to the media the new long name of Azawad was used in this pact. But this new name is not clear – sources list several variants of it: the <i>Islamic Republic of Azawad</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (French: <i lang="fr">République islamique de l'Azawad</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Islamic State of Azawad</i> (French: <i lang="fr">État islamique de l'Azawad</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <i>Republic of Azawad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azawad authorities did not officially confirm any change of name. Later reports indicated the MNLA had decided to withdraw from the pact with Ansar Dine. In a new statement, dated on 9 June, the MNLA used the name <i>State of Azawad</i> (French: <i lang="fr">État de l'Azawad</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MNLA produced a list of the 28 members of the Transitional Council of the State of Azawad (<a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Conseil de transition de l'État de l'Azawad</i>, CTEA) serving as a provisional government with President <a href="Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a> to manage the new State of Azawad.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of a series on the</div></th>

</tr><tr>

<th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History of Azawad</a></th>

</tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Pashalik of Timbuktu</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)">Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion (2012)</a></li>

</ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>After European powers formalized the <a href="Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">scramble for Africa</a> in the <a href="Berlin_Conference_(1884)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Conference (1884)">Berlin Conference</a>, the French assumed control of the land between the 14th <a href="Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> and Miltou, South-West <a href="Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, bounded in the south by a line running from <a href="Say%2C_Niger" title="Say, Niger">Say, Niger</a> to Baroua. Although the Azawad region was French in name, the <a href="Berlin_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin conference">principle of effectivity</a> required France to hold power in those areas assigned, e.g. by signing agreements with local chiefs, setting up a government, and making use of the area economically, before the claim would be definitive. On 15 December 1893, Timbuktu, by then long past its prime, was annexed by a small group of French soldiers, led by Lieutenant Gaston Boiteux.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region became part of <a href="French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> (Soudan Français), a colony of France. The colony was reorganised and the name changed several times during the French colonial period. In 1899 the French Sudan was subdivided and the Azawad became part of <a href="French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Upper Senegal and Middle Niger</a> (Haut-Sénégal et Moyen Niger). In 1902 it was renamed as <a href="Senegambia_and_Niger" title="Senegambia and Niger">Senegambia and Niger</a> (Sénégambie et Niger), and in 1904 this was changed again to <a href="Upper_Senegal_and_Niger" title="Upper Senegal and Niger">Upper Senegal and Niger</a> (Haut-Sénégal et Niger). This name was used until 1920 when it became French Sudan again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperato198948–49_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato198948–49-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Malian_rule">Under Malian rule</h3></div>

<p>French Sudan became the autonomous state of Mali within the <a href="French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> in 1958, and Mali became independent from France in 1960. Four major Tuareg rebellions took place against Malian rule: the <a href="First_Tuareg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="First Tuareg Rebellion">First Tuareg Rebellion</a> (1962–64), the <a href="Tuareg_Rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)">rebellion of 1990–1995</a>, the <a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">rebellion of 2007–2009</a>, and a <a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 rebellion</a>.

</p><p>In the early twenty-first century, the region became notorious for banditry and drug smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area has been reported to contain great potential mineral wealth, including petroleum and uranium.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_War">Independence War</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion (2012)</a></div>

<p>On 17 January 2012, the MNLA announced the start of an <a href="2012_insurgency_in_the_Azawad" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 insurgency in the Azawad">insurrection</a> in Northern Mali against central government, declaring that it "will continue so long as Bamako does not recognise this territory as a separate entity".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the first attack took place in the town of <a href="M%C3%A9naka" title="Ménaka">Ménaka</a>, further fighting was reported in different parts of the north, including <a href="Aguelhok" title="Aguelhok">Aguelhok</a>, <a href="Tessalit" title="Tessalit">Tessalit</a>, <a href="L%C3%A9r%C3%A9%2C_Mali" title="Léré, Mali">Léré</a>, and <a href="Niafunk%C3%A9" title="Niafunké">Niafunké</a>. Contradictory reports on military gains and losses from Malian military, were strongly denied by the Malian government.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 January, the MNLA <a href="Battle_of_Aguelhok" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aguelhok">won control</a> of the town of <a href="Aguelhok" title="Aguelhok">Aguelhok</a>, killing around 160 Malian soldiers and capturing dozens of heavy weapons and military vehicles. In March 2012, the MNLA and Ansar Dine took control of the regional capitals of <a href="Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with their military bases. On 1 April, Timbuktu was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the seizure of <a href="Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> on 1 April, the MNLA gained effective control of most of the territory they claim for an independent Azawad. In a statement released on the occasion, the MNLA invited all Tuaregs abroad to return home and join in constructing institutions in the new state.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unilateral_declaration_of_independence">Unilateral declaration of independence</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Azawadi_declaration_of_independence" title="Azawadi declaration of independence">Azawadi declaration of independence</a></div>

<p>The <a href="National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a> (MNLA) <a href="Azawadi_declaration_of_independence" title="Azawadi declaration of independence">declared Northern Mali an independent state</a> that they named Azawad on 6 April 2012 and pledged to draft a constitution establishing it as a democracy. Their statement acknowledged the United Nations charter and said the new state would uphold its principles.<sup id="cite_ref-udi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In an interview with <i><a href="France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>, an MNLA spokesman declared the independence of Azawad:

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mali is an anarchic state. Therefore, we have gathered a national liberation movement to put in an army capable of securing our land and an executive office capable of forming democratic institutions. We declare the independence of Azawad from this day on.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Moussa Ag Assarid, MLNA spokesman, 6 April 2012<sup id="cite_ref-spokesman_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spokesman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>In the same interview, Assarid promised that they would respect the colonial frontiers that separate the region from its neighbours; he insisted that Azawad's declaration of independence had international legality.<sup id="cite_ref-spokesman_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spokesman-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>No foreign entity recognised Azawad. The MNLA's declaration was immediately rejected by the <a href="African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, who declared it "null and no value whatsoever". The French Foreign Ministry said it would not recognise the unilateral partition of <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, but it called for negotiations between the two entities to address "the demands of the northern Tuareg population [which] are old and for too long had not received adequate and necessary responses". The United States also rejected the declaration of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-reject_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reject-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The MNLA was estimated to have up to 3,000 soldiers. <a href="Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">ECOWAS</a> declared Azawad "null and void", and said that Mali is "one and [an] indivisible entity". ECOWAS said that it would use force, if necessary, to put down the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government indicated it could provide logistical support.<sup id="cite_ref-reject_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reject-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 26 May, the MNLA and its former co-belligerent Ansar Dine announced a pact to merge to form an <a href="Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC265_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC265-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later reports indicated the MNLA withdrew from the pact, distancing itself from Ansar Dine.<sup id="cite_ref-Big_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Big-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voanews.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voanews.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MNLA and Ansar Dine continued to clash,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in the <a href="Battle_of_Gao_and_Timbuktu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gao and Timbuktu">Battle of Gao and Timbuktu</a> on 27 June, in which the Islamist groups <a href="Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a> and Ansar Dine took control of Gao, driving out the MNLA. The following day, Ansar Dine announced that it was in control of Timbuktu and Kidal, the three biggest cities of northern Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ansar Dine continued its offensive against MNLA positions and overran all remaining MNLA held towns by 12 July with the fall of <a href="Ansongo" title="Ansongo">Ansongo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In December 2012, the MNLA agreed on Mali's national unity and territorial integrity in talks with both the central government and Ansar Dine.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Mali_conflict">Northern Mali conflict</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a></div>

<p>In January 2013, a minor insurgency began when Islamist fundamentalist groups attempted to take control of all of Mali. <a href="France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> sent troops in support of the Malian army. The whole Northern region was captured within a month prior to the Islamists offensive against the South. The rebels' main presence centered around their headquarters in <a href="Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>. Islamists began slowly regrouping in the <a href="Adrar_des_Ifoghas" title="Adrar des Ifoghas">Adrar des Ifoghas</a> mountains until the French and African coalition launched an offensive to eliminate the Islamist leadership and recover foreign hostages being held by them.

Tuareg nomadic groups such as the <a href="National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">MNLA</a>, an Azawadi separatist group, helped retake several main towns in the North, but stayed neutral in fighting between the Islamists and the Malian army. The MNLA co-operated with the French troops, providing guides and logistical services and renting space in their military bases. However, no Malian army presence was allowed by MNLA authorities, due to accusations of Malian crimes against the Tuareg people. Despite this, the Islamists targeted MNLA checkpoints and other military installations with suicide bombers in retaliation. In-fighting also occurred when Chadian intervention forces were accused of firing upon Tuareg civilians.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_deal">Peace deal</h3></div>

<p>A peace deal was reached in June 2013 between the MNLA and the Malian government. It gave the military lease over Tuareg rebel-held land and provided Tuareg with greater autonomy which was requested after the MNLA revoked their Independence claim. This allowed the northern part of the country to participate in the Malian presidential elections the same month. The ceasefire didn't last long before Malian troops clashed with rebels in skirmishes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_insurgency">Continued insurgency</h3></div>

<p>In February 2014, a massacre of a Malian general's family who were ethnic Tuareg led to an ethnic conflict between Fulani Islamists and Tuareg MNLA separatists. A massacre deliberately targeting Tuareg majority civilians was carried out by Islamists killing over 30 unarmed men.

</p>

<p>There was a referendum scheduled for 2017 on gaining autonomy and renaming the northern regions into "Azawad". However, Mali's President <a href="Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta">Ibrahim Boubacar Keita</a> shelved the plans for the referendum on constitutional reforms that were met with opposition and ignited regular street protests. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p>The local climate is <a href="Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> or <a href="Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-desert</a>. <a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> wrote of the terrain: "Much of the land is the Sahara desert at its most inhospitable: rock, sand dunes and dust scored by shifting tracks."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some definitions of Azawad also include parts of northern <a href="Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and southern <a href="Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, adjacent areas to the south and the north<sup id="cite_ref-AlJaz08_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJaz08-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in its declaration of independence, the MNLA did not advance territorial claims on those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-DOI_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Traditionally, Azawad has referred to the <a href="Sandplain" title="Sandplain">sandplains</a> north of Timbuktu. In geological terms, it is a mosaic of <a href="Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">river</a>, <a href="Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>, lake, and <a href="Aeolian_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolian deposit">wind-borne</a> <a href="Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposits</a>, while <a href="Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian processes</a> have proven the most imprinting.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>About 6500 BC, Azawad was a 90,000-square kilometres <a href="Marsh" title="Marsh">marshy</a> and <a href="Lacustrine_plain" title="Lacustrine plain">lake basin</a>. The area of today's Timbuktu was probably permanently flooded. In the deeper parts of Azawad, there were large lakes, partly recharged by rainfall, partly by exposed <a href="Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. Seasonal lakes and creeks were fed by overflow of the <a href="Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual Niger flood was diffused throughout the Azawad by a network of <a href="Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">palaeochannels</a> spread out over an area of 180 by 130 kilometres. The most important of these paleochannels is the Wadi el-Ahmar, which is 1 200 metres wide at its southern end, at the Niger bend, and winds 70 to 100 kilometres northward. These long interdunal indentations that are framed by <a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="Seif_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Seif dune">longitudinal dunes</a>, characterise the present landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div>

<p>The MNLA in its declaration of independence announced the first political institutions of the state of Azawad. It included:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>An executive committee, directed by <a href="Mahmoud_Ag_Aghaly" title="Mahmoud Ag Aghaly">Mahmoud Ag Aghaly</a>.</li>

<li>A revolutionary council, directed by Abdelkrim Ag Tahar.</li>

<li>A consultative council, directed by Mahamed Ag Tahadou.</li>

<li>The general staff of the Liberation Army, directed by <a href="Mohamed_Ag_Najem" title="Mohamed Ag Najem">Mohamed Ag Najem</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Although the MNLA claimed responsibility for managing the country "until the appointment of a national authority" in their <a href="Azawad_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Azawad Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a>, it has acknowledged the presence of rival armed groups in the region, including <a href="Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> fighters under <a href="Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a>, the <a href="Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a>, and <a href="Al_Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQIM). The MNLA did not establish a formal government, though it pledged to draft a constitution establishing Azawad as a democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-udi_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main government building is called the Palace of Azawad by the MNLA. It is a heavily guarded building in central Gao that served as the office of the <a href="Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao Region</a>'s governor prior to the <a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The military wing of Ansar Dine rejected the MNLA's declaration of independence hours after it was issued.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ansar Dine vowed to establish Islamic <i><a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> law over all of Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a conference, the Azawadis voiced their disapproval of radical Islamic groups, and asked all foreign fighters to disarm and leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to a <a href="Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> Africa expert, Mali was not to be considered "definitively partitioned". The peoples who constitute a major share of the population of northern Mali, such as Songhai and Fulani, considered themselves to be Malian and had no interest in a separate Tuareg-dominated state.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of the declaration of independence, about 200 Malian northerners staged a rally in Bamako, declaring their rejection of the partition and their willingness to fight to drive out the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A day later, 2,000 protesters joined a new rally against separatism.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to <a href="Ramtane_Lamamra" title="Ramtane Lamamra">Ramtane Lamamra</a>, the <a href="African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>'s peace and security commissioner, the African Union has discussed sending a military force to reunify Mali. He said that negotiations with terrorists had been ruled out, but negotiations with other armed factions were still open.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div>

<p>Azawad, as proclaimed by the MNLA, includes the <a href="Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">regions</a> of <a href="Gao_Region" title="Gao Region">Gao</a>, <a href="Timbuktu_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbuktu Region">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal</a>, and the northeast half of <a href="Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti</a>; until 1991, when the new Kidal Region was created, it formed the northern portion of Gao Region. As such, it includes the three biggest cities of <a href="Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> and <a href="Kidal" title="Kidal">Kidal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlJaz08_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlJaz08-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

<p>Northern Mali has a population density of 1.5 people per square kilometre.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malian regions claimed by Azawad are listed hereafter (apart from the portion of <a href="Mopti_Region" title="Mopti Region">Mopti Region</a> claimed and occupied by the MNLA). The population figures are from the 2009 census of <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, taken before Azawadi independence was proclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the start of the Tuareg rebellion in January 2012, an estimated 250,000 former inhabitants have fled the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Region name</th>

<th>Population

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>544,120

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kidal_Region" title="Kidal Region">Kidal</a></td>

<td>67,638

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Timbuktu</a></td>

<td>681,691

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div>

<p>The area was traditionally inhabited by the settled <a href="Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhay</a>, and the nomadic <a href="Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a>, <a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, and <a href="Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulas</a> (<a href="Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: <i lang="ff">Fulɓe</i>; French: <i lang="fr">Peul</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnic composition of the regions in 1950 (at that time, Kidal Region was a part of Gao Region) and in 2009 is shown in the adjacent diagrams.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div>

<p>The languages of Northern Mali include <a href="Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a>, <a href="Fulfulde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulfulde">Fulfulde</a> and <a href="Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>, <a href="Tamashek" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamashek">Tamashek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heath_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heath-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French, though not spoken natively, is widely used as a lingua franca, as well as negotiations with the government of Mali and foreign affairs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>

<p>Most are <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>, of the <a href="Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> orientations. Most popular in the Tuareg movement and northern Mali as a whole is the <a href="Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> branch of Sunnism, in which traditional opinions and analogical reasoning by later Muslim scholars are often used instead of a strict reliance on <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> as a basis for legal judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ansar Dine follows the <a href="Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> branch of Sunni Islam. They strongly object to praying around the graves of Malikite 'holymen', and burned down an ancient Sufi shrine in Timbuktu, which had been listed as a <a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Most of the 300 <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> who formerly lived in Timbuktu have fled to the South since the rebels captured the town on 2 April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_situation">Humanitarian situation</h3></div>

<p>The people living in the central and northern <a href="Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> and Sahelo-Saharan areas of Mali are the country's poorest, according to an <a href="International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a> report. Most are <a href="Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> and farmers practicing <a href="Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> on dry land with poor and increasingly <a href="Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">degraded soils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IBT_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBT-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern part of Mali suffers from a critical <a href="Famine" title="Famine">shortage of food</a> and lack of <a href="Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>. Starvation has prompted about 200,000 inhabitants to leave the region.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Refugees in the 92,000-person refugee camp at <a href="Mbera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbera">Mbera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, described the Islamists as "intent on imposing an Islam of lash and gun on Malian Muslims." The Islamists in Timbuktu have destroyed about a half-dozen historic above-ground tombs of revered holy men, proclaiming the tombs contrary to <a href="Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a>. One refugee in the camp spoke of encountering <a href="Afghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan people">Afghans</a>, Pakistanis and Nigerians among the invading forces.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT187_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT187-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="Arab_Islamic_Front_of_Azawad" title="Arab Islamic Front of Azawad">Arab Islamic Front of Azawad</a></li>

<li><a href="Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Movement_of_Azawad" title="Arab Movement of Azawad">Arab Movement of Azawad</a></li>

<li><a href="Azawadi_declaration_of_independence" title="Azawadi declaration of independence">Azawadi declaration of independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Jama'at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a></li>

<li><a href="Niger_Movement_for_Justice" title="Niger Movement for Justice">Niger Movement for Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Northern Mali conflict</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(1962%E2%80%931964)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)">Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">Tuareg rebellion (2012)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnlamov.net/">"Mouvement National de Liberation de l'Azawad"</a>. <i>Mouvement National de Liberation de l'Azawad</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576725">"Mali Tuareg rebels control Timbuktu as troops flee"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gao-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gao_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/20124644412359539.html">"Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali"</a>. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120526114332/http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php?article=22090">"Mali: A scramble for power"</a>. The Muslim News. 8 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php?article=22090">the original</a> on 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Mali-rebels-declare-independence-in-north/articleshow/12556649.cms">"Mali rebels declare independence in north"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-udi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-udi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-udi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-udi_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/04/06/205763.html">"Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali"</a>. Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._David_Goodman2012" class="citation news cs1">J. David Goodman (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/rift-appears-between-islamists-and-main-rebel-group-in-mali/">"Rift Appears Between Islamists and Main Rebel Group in Mali"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panapress.com/ECOWAS-calls-declaration-of-Azawad-independence---null-and-void-----12-824949-100-lang2-index.html">"ECOWAS calls declaration of Azawad independence <i>null and void</i>"</a>. Panapress.com. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/334244/20120427/ecowas-mali-guinea-bissau-military.htm">"Ecowas To Send 3,000 Troops To Mali, Guinea-Bissau To Reinstate Civilian Rule"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTV5MONDE2018" class="citation cs2">TV5MONDE (25 April 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrwBuTZKXPE"><i>MALI : Moussa ag achara Toumane invité de TV5MONDE</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/BrwBuTZKXPE">archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msa-azawad.com/">"Mouvement pour le Salut de l'Azawad"</a>. <i>msa-azawad.com</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20120605-mali-strange-bedfellows-mnla-ansar-dine-al-qaeda-aqim-islamists-tuareg">"Strange bedfellows: The MNLA's on-again, off-again marriage with Ansar Dine - France 24"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 5 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memri.org/reports/mnlas-fight-secular-state-azawad">"The MNLA's Fight for a Secular State of Azawad"</a>. <i>MEMRI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130413012549/http://www.ansa.it/ansalatina/notizie/rubriche/mundo/20130214160535527676.html">"Ansa.it - Ansalatina - Tuaregs de Mali renuncian a crear Estado independiente"</a>. <i>www.ansa.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/ansalatina/notizie/rubriche/mundo/20130214160535527676.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/11/mali-tuareg-fighters-end-ceasefire-2013113093234673103.html">"Mali's Tuareg fighters end ceasefire"</a>. 30 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25161049">"Tuareg separatist group in Mali 'ends ceasefire'"</a>. 29 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Brown1896" class="citation book cs1">Robert Brown (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2AMAAAAYAAJ&q=azawad&pg=PA198"><i>Annotations to The history and description of Africa, by Leo Africanus</i></a>. The Hakluyt Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGermain_B._Nama2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Germain B. Nama (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2012/03/01/rebelles-touaregs-pourquoi-nous-reprenons-les-armes">"Rebelles touaregs : "Pourquoi nous reprenons les armes...""</a>. <i>Courrier International</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DOI-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOI_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOI_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBilal_Ag_Acherif2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a> (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018123246/http://www.mnlamov.net/component/content/article/169-declaration-dindependance-de-lazawad.html">"Déclaration d'indépendence de l'Azawad"</a> [Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (in French). <a href="National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnlamov.net/component/content/article/169-declaration-dindependance-de-lazawad.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBilal_Ag_Acherif2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a> (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512123642/http://ar.mnlamov.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176%3A2012-04-06-02-18-09&catid=1%3Alatest-news&Itemid=50"><bdi lang="ar">بيان استقلال أزواد</bdi></a> [Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (in Arabic). <a href="National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ar.mnlamov.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=176:2012-04-06-02-18-09&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50">the original</a> on 12 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18224004">"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Islamist state"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAllimam_Mahamane2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Allimam Mahamane (31 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713103038/http://maliactu.net/13418/proclamation-de-la-republique-islamique-de-lazawad-la-vraie-face-de-lirredentisme-et-de-lintegrisme-saffiche">"Proclamation de la République Islamique de l'Azawad : La vraie face de l'irrédentisme et de l'intégrisme s'affiche"</a> (in French). MaliActu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maliactu.net/13418/proclamation-de-la-republique-islamique-de-lazawad-la-vraie-face-de-lirredentisme-et-de-lintegrisme-saffiche">the original</a> on 13 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2012/05/27/01003-20120527ARTFIG00058-nord-mali-la-rebellion-cree-un-etat-islamique.php">"Nord-Mali: la rébellion crée un État islamique"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French). 27 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKatarina_Höije2012" class="citation web cs1">Katarina Höije (27 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/27/world/africa/mali-rebel-groups/index.html?iref=allsearch">"Mali rebel groups join forces, vowing an Islamic state"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBilal_Ag_Acherif2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Bilal_Ag_Acherif" title="Bilal Ag Acherif">Bilal Ag Acherif</a> (9 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnlamov.net/index.php?view=article&catid=38:constantes&id=182:mis-en-place-un-conseil-transitoire-de-letat-de-lazawadctea-&tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page=">"Mis en place un Conseil Transitoire de l'Etat de l'AZAWAD (CTEA)"</a> [Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (in French). <a href="National_Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Azawad" title="National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad">National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHacquard1900">Hacquard 1900</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103743p/f78.image">71</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDuboisWhite1896">Dubois & White 1896</a>, p. 358</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImperato198948–49-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImperato198948–49_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImperato1989">Imperato 1989</a>, pp. 48–49.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/S-informer/France/Une-zone-immense-et-incontrolable-aux-confins-du-Sahara-_NG_-2010-09-20-604494">"Une zone immense et incontrôlable aux confins du Sahara"</a>. <i>La Croix</i> (in French). 20 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231153626/http://www.jmpmali.com/html/fourpagefive.html">"Le secteur minier du Mali, un potentiel riche mais inexploité"</a>. Les Journées Minières et Pétrolières du Mali. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmpmali.com/html/fourpagefive.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125052225/http://www.mnlamov.net/english/93-the-renewal-of-armed-struggle-in-azawad.html">"The Renewal of Armed Struggle in Azawad"</a>. Mouvement National de libération de l'Azawad. 17 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnlamov.net/english/93-the-renewal-of-armed-struggle-in-azawad.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/95252/mali-a-timeline-of-northern-conflict.">"A timeline of northern conflict"</a>. 5 April 2012.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17562066">"Mali coup: Rebels seize desert town of Kidal"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576263">"Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 31 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRukmini_Callimachi2012" class="citation news cs1">Rukmini Callimachi (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/mali-coup-leader-reinstates-1403759.html">"Mali coup leader reinstates old constitution"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnlamov.net/actualites/34-actualites/164-declaration-du-bureau-politique-.html">"Declaration du Bureau Politique"</a> (in French). Mouvement National de libération de l'Azawad. 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBate_Felix2012" class="citation news cs1">Bate Felix (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725190147/http://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL6E8F605520120406">"Mali rebels declare independence in north"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL6E8F605520120406">the original</a> on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spokesman-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spokesman_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spokesman_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20120406-france-24-exclusive-tuareg-rebels-declare-independence-mlna-mali-ansar-dine-azawad">"Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali"</a>. France 24. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-reject-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reject_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reject_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFelix2012" class="citation news cs1">Felix, Bate (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-idUSBRE83507L20120406">"AU, US reject Mali rebels' independence declaration"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409143744/http://www.afriquejet.com/azawad-independence-mali-2012040736597.html">"Azawad independence: ECOWAS calls declaration of Azawad independence 'null and void'"</a>. <i>Afrique en Ligue</i>. 7 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afriquejet.com/azawad-independence-mali-2012040736597.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BBC265-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC265_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18224004">"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Sharia state"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Big-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Big_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBiiga2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Biiga, Bark (3 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608054030/http://www.fasozine.com/index.php/le-blog-de-barkbiiga/le-blog-de-barkbiiga/8518-nord-mali-le-mnla-refuse-de-se-mettre-len-sardiner">"Nord Mali: le MNLA refuse de se mettre "en sardine"!"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasozine.com/index.php/le-blog-de-barkbiiga/le-blog-de-barkbiiga/8518-nord-mali-le-mnla-refuse-de-se-mettre-len-sardiner">the original</a> on 8 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-voanews.com-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-voanews.com_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/mali-islamists-reopen-talks-with-tuareg-rebels/1146352.html">"Mali Islamists Reopen Talks With Tuareg Rebels"</a>. Voice of America. 2 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18377168">"Mali rebel groups 'clash in Kidal'"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 June 2012.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTiemoko_Diallo_and_Adama_Diarra2012" class="citation news cs1">Tiemoko Diallo and Adama Diarra (28 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-crisis-idUSBRE85R15720120628">"Islamists declare full control of Mali's north"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20120712-al-qaeda-linked-islamists-drive-malis-tuaregs-last-stronghold-ansogo-timbuktu-mnla-ansar-dine-mujao">"Al Qaeda-linked Islamists drive Mali's Tuaregs from last stronghold"</a>. 12 July 2012.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/12/201212420515159568.html">"Mali rebels agree to respect 'national unity'"</a>, <i>Aljazeera</i>, Retrieved 2012-12-05</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/mali-president-postpones-referendum-on-reforms-idUSKCN1AZ0DD/">"Mali president postpones referendum on reforms"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 19 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914024935/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-azawad-self-proclaimed-tuareg-state/">"FACTBOX-'Azawad': self-proclaimed Tuareg state"</a>. 6 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/factbox-azawad-self-proclaimed-tuareg-state/">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-AlJaz08-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlJaz08_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlJaz08_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/focus/unrestsahara/2008/07/20087118508319575.html">"Who are the Tuareg?"</a>. Al Jazeera. 14 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McIntosh, 2008, p. 33</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McIntosh, 2008, p. 34</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McIntosh, 2008, p. 35</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salima Tlemçani (7 April 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elwatan.com/une/le-mali-dans-la-tourmente-aqmi-brouille-les-cartes-a-l-azawad-07-04-2012-165810_108.php">"Le mali dans la tourmente : AQMi brouille les cartes à l’Azawad"</a>, El Watan.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406211320/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9190808/Malians-protest-against-Azawad-independence.html">"Malians protest against Azawad independence"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 6 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9190808/Malians-protest-against-Azawad-independence.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernghana.com/news/387765/1/confusion-in-mali-after-tuareg-independen.html">"Confusion in Mali after Tuareg independence claim"</a>. 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113100229/http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=54403">"Qaeda using Mali crisis to expand, France warns"</a>. 4 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=54403">the original</a> on 13 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJemal_Oumar2012" class="citation news cs1">Jemal Oumar (30 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/en_GB/features/awi/features/2012/04/30/feature-02">"Azawad rejects armed groups"</a>. <i>Magharebia</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/rebels-declare-independent-state/story-fn6s850w-1226320870085">"Rebels declare independent state"</a>, <i>Herald Sun</i>, 7 April 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFelix2012" class="citation news cs1">Felix, Bate (6 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/mali-rebels-declare-independence-north-102935627.html">"AU, US reject Mali rebels' independence declaration"</a>. Reuters.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406211320/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9190808/Malians-protest-against-Azawad-independence.html">"Malians protest against Azawad independence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 7 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9190808/Malians-protest-against-Azawad-independence.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2012/04/08/protests-in-bamoko-as-malians-reject-independence-of-north/">"Protests in Bamoko [<i>sic</i>] as Malians reject independence of North"</a>, <i>Euronews</i>, 8 April 2012</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter2012" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (18 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718100629/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/world/africa/jidhadists-fierce-justice-drives-thousands-to-flee-mali.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all">"Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/18/world/africa/jidhadists-fierce-justice-drives-thousands-to-flee-mali.html?pagewanted=all">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Mali-POPULATION.html">Mali – Population</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of the Nations</i>, Retrieved 2 April 2012</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(In French.) <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215932/http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/mali.pdf">"Resultats provisoires R.G.P.H. 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/mali.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 July 2011.</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeo2012" class="citation cs2">Meo, Nick (7 April 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9191760/Triumphant-Tuareg-rebels-fall-out-over-al-Qaedas-jihad-in-Mali.html">"Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali"</a>, <i>The Daily Telegraph</i></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">File:Statistiques.JPG</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120429183429/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Mali">"Languages of Mali"</a>. Ethnologue.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=mali">the original</a> on 29 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-heath-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heath_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1999" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Jeffrey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93ar5YZt6SEC&q=koyra+chiini+timbuktu"><i>A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu</i></a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783110162851</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360203/Malikiyyah">"Mālikiyyah"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/05/05/world/africa/mali-heritage-sites/index.html">"Rebels burn Timbuktu tomb listed as U.N. World Heritage site"</a>. CNN. 5 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713021857/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-05-05/africa/world_africa_mali-heritage-sites_1_baba-haidara-sufi-shrines-timbuktu-residents?_s=PM:AFRICA">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation cs2">Davies, Madeleine (13 April 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120801213933/http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=127144">"Christians in north of Mali flee Tuareg rebels' control"</a>, <i>Church Times</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/content.asp?id=127144">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2012</span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-IBT-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBT_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2012" class="citation cs2">Ghosh, Palash R. (12 April 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/327373/20120412/mali-tuaregs-azawad-civil-war-separatist-poverty.htm">"Azawad: The Tuaregs' Nonexistent State in a Desolate, Poverty-Stricken Wasteland"</a>, <i>International Business Times</i></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNkrumah2012" class="citation web cs1">Nkrumah, Gamal (12–18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412210848/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2012/1093/in2.htm">"Saharan quicksand"</a>. <i>Al-Ahram Weekly Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2012/1093/in2.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/map/mauritania/mbera-refugee-camp-bassikounou-south-eastern-mauritania-8-dec-2015">Mbera Refugee Camp</a>, <a href="Bassikounou" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassikounou">Bassikounou</a>, South-Eastern Mauritania (8 Dec 2015)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT187-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT187_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter2012" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (18 July 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Baldaro, E., & Raineri, L. (2020). "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.62" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1017/nps.2019.62">Azawad: A Parastate Between Nomads and Mujahidins?</a>" Nationalities Papers, 48(1), 100–115.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuboisWhite1896" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Felix; White, Diana (trans.) (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timbuctoomyster01whitgoog"><i>Timbuctoo the mysterious</i></a>. New York: Longmans.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFage1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Donnelly_Fage" class="mw-redirect" title="John Donnelly Fage">Fage, J. D.</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw9AAAAIAAJ&q=an+introduction+to+the+history+of+west+africa"><i>An Introduction to the History of West Africa</i></a>. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHacquard1900" class="citation cs2"><a href="Augustin_Hacquard" title="Augustin Hacquard">Hacquard, Augustin</a> (1900), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monographiedeto00hacqgoog"><i>Monographie de Tombouctou</i></a>, Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes</cite>. Also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103743p">Gallica</a>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2000" class="citation book cs1">Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Timbuktu". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofIslam10/Vol.10t-u#page/n532/mode/1up"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X</i></a> (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">508–</span>510. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-11211-1</bdi>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Hunwick" title="John Hunwick">Hunwick, John O.</a> (2003). <i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-12822-4</bdi>.</cite>. First published in 1999 as <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-11207-3</bdi>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFImperato1989" class="citation book cs1">Imperato, Pascal James (1989). <i>Mali: A Search for Direction</i>. Boulder CO: Westview Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85521-049-5</bdi>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKaba1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kaba, Lansine (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)". <i>Journal of African History</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>475. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700019861">10.1017/S0021853700019861</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/181298">181298</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632225">11632225</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41500711">41500711</a>.</cite>.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKirkbyMurray2010" class="citation book cs1">Kirkby, Coel; Murray, Christina (2010). "Elusive Autonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa". In Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine (eds.). <i>Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>120. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8122-4230-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation cs2">McIntosh, Roderick J. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927230051/https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf">"Before Timbuktu: cities of the Elder World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Meanings of Timbuktu</i>, HSRC Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>43, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/The_Meanings_of_Timbuktu_-_Chapter_3_-_Before_Timbuktu__cities_of_the_elder_world.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2012</span></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSaad1983" class="citation book cs1">Saad, Elias N. (1983). <i>Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-24603-2</bdi>.</cite>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Azawad" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Azawad">Azawad</a> at Wikimedia Commons

</p>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnlamov.net/">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/Orphans-of-the-Sahara/">Orphans of the Sahara</a>, a three-part documentary series about the Tuareg people of the Sahara desert.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:16.266666666666666,-0.05"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°03′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.267°N 0.050°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.267; -0.050</span></span></span></a></span></span>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secessions_by_country672" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Secessions_by_country672" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Secession" title="Secession">Secessions</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Africa" title="List of active separatist movements in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Cape_independence" title="Cape independence">South Africa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia" title="List of active separatist movements in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Secession_in_China" title="Secession in China">China</a>

<li><a href="Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Macau</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">India</a>

<ul><li><a href="Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a></li>

<li><a href="1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum#Aftermath" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">Sikkim</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Indonesia</li>

<li><a href="Separatist_movements_of_Pakistan" title="Separatist movements of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism_in_the_Philippines" title="Separatism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Russia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siberian_Republic" title="Siberian Republic">Siberia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secession_in_Turkey" title="Secession in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Partition_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_North_America" title="List of active separatist movements in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Secessionist_movements_of_Canada" title="Secessionist movements of Canada">Canada</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Denmark (Greenland)</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Oceania" title="List of active separatist movements in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Secession_in_Australia" title="Secession in Australia">Australia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Secessionism_in_Tasmania" title="Secessionism in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li>

<li><a href="Secessionism_in_Western_Australia" title="Secessionism in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bougainville_Independence_Movement" title="Bougainville Independence Movement">Bougainville Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_South_America" title="List of active separatist movements in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Brazil</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_historical_separatist_movements" title="Lists of historical separatist movements">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li>Brazil</li>

<li><a href="Secession_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Secession of Panama from Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">East Timor</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Dissolution of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian subcontinent</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Abolition_of_Prussia" title="Abolition of Prussia">Prussia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_of_the_Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a></li>

<li><a href="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Active separatist movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_historical_separatist_movements" title="Lists of historical separatist movements">Historical separatist movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li>

<li><a href="Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br>in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li>

<li><a href="Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li>

<li><a href="Oromo_nationalism" title="Oromo nationalism">Oromo</a></li>

<li><a href="Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria & <a href="West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li>

<li><a href="Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_America" title="South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li>

<li>Jewish

<ul><li><a href="Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_nationalism" title="Sylheti nationalism">Sylheti</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">North</a><br>& <a href="Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li>

<li><a href="Buryat_nationalism" title="Buryat nationalism">Buryat</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li>

<li><a href="Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li>

<li><a href="Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li>

<li><a href="German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a>

<ul><li><a href="German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Crimean</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Volga_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Region">Volga Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Badzhgard" title="Badzhgard">Bashkir</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li>

<li><a href="French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li>

<li><a href="English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li>

<li><a href="Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li>

<li><a href="Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Danish_nationalism" title="Danish nationalism">Danish</a></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_national_awakening" title="Latvian national awakening">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Caucasian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li>

<li><a href="Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Nordic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li>

<li><a href="Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas<br>& Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenland</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaii</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_conflict#Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim (Philippines)</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Papua</a></li>

<li>Pasundan</li>

<li><a href="Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li>

<li><a href="Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Åland</a></li>

<li><a href="Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician (Spain)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">Corsican</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li>

<li><a href="Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li>

<li><a href="Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li>

<li><a href="Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li>

<li><a href="Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li>

<li><a href="Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li>

<li><a href="Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li>

<li><a href="Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li>

<li><a href="Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li>

<li><a href="Donetsk_People's_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li>

<li><a href="Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li>

<li><a href="Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Luhansk_People's_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>

<li><a href="Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li>

<li><a href="Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Timor Raya</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43937#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata829" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43937#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata829" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309576502">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy8rBGh8TQqd4gGQQhrbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167670244">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167670244">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/fd9321f6-b4fd-4ccc-8599-a165bec3d633">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Azawad&oldid=1303411308">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>